Crossbow Documents
Opening Documents
Closing Documents
Saving Documents
Sharing DOS Documents
Comparing Documents
Document Information
Printing
Edit Menu
Search Menu
Search Options
Multiple File Searches
Field Searches
Grep Searches
Patterns
Special Characters
Managing Windows
Crossbow's editor is a text-only programmer's editor which
operates on characters contained in document windows. Crossbow can
manage up to eight open document windows, each having a Close Box,
Title Bar, Zoom Box, Vertical Scroll Bar, Horizontal Scroll Bar, and
Size Box with behaviors typical of a Macintosh program.
The remainder of the document window contains the text to be edited.
Characters are typed into the edit window in front of the Insertion
Point which shows up on the window as a flashing vertical bar. The
Backspace key (delete on some keyboards) erases characters to the
left of the insertion point. Set the insertion point, position the
text using the scroll bars, then click the mouse at the desired spot
to start editing.
Because Crossbow's editor is a programmer's editor, lines of text do
not automatically wrap around to the next line at the edge of the
edit window. You must use the return key to start a new line. Text
displayed in Crossbow edit windows uses a custom version of 9 point
Monaco with some characters modified to remove ambiguities (zero and
upper case 'O', upper case 'I' and lower case 'l'). When Crossbow
windows are first opened, they are sized to display exactly 80
characters on a line, a standard for assembly language programs.
Crossbow edit windows are opened either directly, by launching
from a document icon or choosing New or Open from the
File menu, or indirectly, by matching a string in a multi-file
search, encountering an error during assembly, or requesting listing
or symbol table windows from an assembly.
Opening a Crossbow document from the Finder launches Crossbow with
the selected document in an edit window directly behind the programs
splash screen. The splash screen contains version and copyright
information and disappears automatically after a few seconds. You may
click the mouse button, or hit a key to dispose of it
immediately.
Choosing New from Crossbow's File menu creates a new
untitled window. Choosing Open from the File menu opens
a file selection dialog displaying a list of all the 'TEXT' documents
(described below) available in the currently selected folder.
Crossbow has menu and mouse commands for closing one or all of the
open edit windows. Clicking the close box or choosing Close
from the File menu closes the front edit window. Holding down
the option key while clicking a close box, choosing Close All Edit
Windows from the Windows menu, or choosing Quit
from File menu closes all of the open edit windows.
In closing single or multiple windows, those which have had changes
since the last save will cause Crossbow to present a dialog box
offering the option of saving the changes before closing, discarding
the changes, or canceling the close.
Crossbow has four menu commands for saving documents and an
assembly option selection for auto-saving documents before an
assembly. Files saved by any method from within Crossbow are saved as
'TEXT' documents and inherit the Crossbow document icon.
Crossbow's File menu contains three different document saving
commands and a revert command to discard changes made since the last
save. The Save command is disabled (gray) when a document is
newly created or opened, and after changes are saved, and becomes
enabled when changes are made to the document.
Choosing Save writes to disk any changes made to the document
using the file name in the document window's title bar. New documents
with the name "Untitled-X" cause an automatic invocation of Save
As described below.
Choosing Save As opens a dialog box displaying a list of files
and folders and a text entry box containing the current name of the
document. After selecting the appropriate name and destination and
clicking Save, the edit window's title will change to reflect the new
document name.
Selecting a range of text in the front edit window enables the
Save Selection As command which operates as described for
Save As, but limits the amount of text saved to the characters
that are currently selected. The default document name in the save
dialog becomes the window title suffixed with the current date and
time. Save Selection As does not affect the current document
title or destination.
Revert discards any changes made to an edit window since the
last save, after confirming the revert command with an alert box. To
keep both versions, choose Save As with a different document
name and reopen the old document with the original name.
Crossbow has some built-in features to make it easier to share
source files which must assemble on both Macintosh and PC platforms.
Crossbow always automatically strips out the DOS linefeeds which
appear as square boxes at the beginning of lines in some text
editors. When you open a DOS file in crossbow, then save it with
changes, the linefeeds are gone.
To force Crossbow to reinsert the linefeeds when saving, you have to
follow the DOS file naming convention, which up to eight
alpha-numeric filename characters, followed by up to three
alpha-numeric extension characters. In addition, for Crossbow to
insert the linefeeds, all alphabetical characters in the filename
must be in upper case.
The Compare Windows command tries to re-synchronize to the
next matching block after finding a mismatch. Crossbow considers text
to be re-synchronized after 32 consecutive characters from both files
match. After selecting Compare Windows, each window will have
the mismatching characters selected. To view differences quickly,
choose side-by-side from the Windows menu, the command-M to find the
difference, then choose shift-command-M to toggle the active window
and see the selection range.
From the File menu, choose Get Info to display the
number of lines, number of characters, and the free space available
for editing. Get Info also allows you to lock a file to
prevent accidental changes to files.
The File menu contains three commands that deal with printing documents. Each printed page contains a boldface two line header showing the documents name, page number and date all separated from the body of the text by one blank line.
Document Name Page 1 Tuesday, November 15, 1988 2:15pm First Line of Text
Crossbow prints with the same modified Monaco-9 font used for the
screen display. Prints from a LaserWriter look best using the Font
Substitution option from the Macintosh page setup dialog box, and
Crossbow prints LaserWriter pages in reverse order.
Page Setup opens a dialog which allows selection of various
printing options such as paper size, orientation, scaling, and
printer effects. Normal assembly language text files will probably
print best using tall orientation, while assembly print listings will
probably want to use landscape orientation to display the extra long
lines containing the code and location information.
The Print command opens a dialog box requesting information
about the paper source, page range, and number of copies. Since the
most common response to the print dialog is a click on the OK
button, Crossbow bypasses the print dialog if the option key is
pressed while choosing the Print command.
The Print Selection command works as described for the Print
command, but becomes enabled only when a range of text is selected
and prints only the characters that are currently selected.
Crossbow supports the standard set of Macintosh cut and paste operations using the clipboard to transfer text between different documents and even different applications. Crossbow also adds several editing enhancements to simplify working with assembly language source programs.
Editing changes occur either at the insertion point, which is the
flashing vertical bar, or inside a selection range, which is a block
of text displayed in a highlighted format. The insertion point is
positioned using either the mouse, the enter key, or the cursor keys.
Clicking the mouse inside an edit window sets the insertion point at
the current mouse location. Crossbow remembers the four most recent
mouse click locations, and hitting the enter key quickly repositions
the insertion point to these four points sequentially. A selection
range is selected by click-dragging the mouse over a block of
text.
The cursor keys move the insertion point up or down, a line at a
time, or left or right a character at a time. Holding down the
command key while hitting a cursor key moves the insertion point to
the top or bottom of the text, or to the beginning or end of the
line. Holding down the shift key while hitting a cursor key extends
the selection range by a line or character.
The Undo menu command restores the text to its state just
prior to the last editing operation. Most, but not all, editing
commands can be undone, and the text of the undo command in the menu
changes to describe what will be undone. When the Edit menu
displays Can't Undo in gray letters, the last operation cannot
be undone.
Cut deletes the text in the selection range from the edit window
and copies it to the clipboard for later pasting to a Crossbow or
other document. Copy copies the text in the selection range to
the clipboard. Paste, in an edit window, inserts the contents
of the clipboard at the current selection point, or overwrites the
selection range with the clipboard contents. In the Terminal Window,
Paste sends the text in the clipboard to the serial port using
the options specified by the ASCII file transfer preferences.
Clear simply deletes the currently selected text from the
front-most window.
Paste Date & Time inserts the current date and time from
the Macintosh internal clock at the selection point using an
abbreviated format, for example: Tue, Nov 7, 1995, 5:27 PM. Hold down
the shift key to paste using the long format, for example: Tuesday,
November 7, 1995, 5:27 PM.
Shift Left and Shift Right move the block of text in
the selection range one space to the right or left. When shifting
right, Crossbow determines the optimum combination of tab and space
characters to use for the fill.
Invert Case changes upper case characters to lower case, and
lower case characters to upper case. When the selection range
specifies a block of text, all of the characters in the block change
case. Invert case at the selection point changes the case of the
character in front of the insertion point, then advances the cursor
one position to the right. Holding down the shift key while selecting
Invert Case forces all character to upper case. To change an
entire block to lower case, use shift Invert Case followed by
Invert Case.
Set Tabs & Indent opens a dialog box with options for
changing Tab Spacing and Auto Indent settings. Tabs in
Crossbow documents occur at even multiples of the value specified in
the Tab Spacing box, which must be between one and 64.
Auto Indent, when checked, causes return characters to move
the insertion point to the same indent level of the line immediately
above. Assembly source programs generally have more lines without
labels than with, and Auto Indent will save a keystroke for
each new line without a label. Holding down the shift key while
hitting return does a one-time toggle of the Auto Indent
setting.
Both tab spacing and auto indent settings are saved with each
Crossbow document when the OK button is clicked. The
Save button sets the default behavior for new files and text
files not created by Crossbow.
Comment Selection inserts a semi-colon in front of each line
in the selection range. Shifted Comment Selection removes one
semi-colon (if present) from the front of each line in the selection
range.
The search menu commands and equivalent command keys provide access to Crossbow's extensive search and replace capabilities.
The Find selection opens the Find dialog box which
allows you to specify the various search and replace options which
are described below. After filling in the appropriate dialog fields
and clicking the OK button, Crossbow begins searching from the
current insertion point. When a match is found, Crossbow positions
the selection range to encompass the matched text and scrolls the
text so that the beginning of the match is visible. If no match is
found and Multiple File search is selected, Crossbow will
automatically start searching the next file.
Enter Selection provides a shorthand method to filling in the
search fields in preparation for a search. Enter Selection
copies the current selection range into the Find: box, or into
the Change To: box if the shift key is held down.
Find Again repeats the search using the previously defined
search criteria and beginning at either the current insertion point,
or at the end of the current selection range (to allow repeated
finds). Multiple File searches switch to the next file at the
end of the current text.
Replace replaces the currently selected text with the text in
the Change To: box. If there is no selected text,
Replace simply inserts the text from the Change To: box
at the insertion point. If the Change To: box is empty,
Replace simply deletes the current selection range.
Replace and Find Again replaces the current selection range
with the text in the Change To: box, then searches for the
next match beginning at the end of the newly inserted text.
Replace All substitutes all occurrences of the text in the
Find: box with the contents of the Change To: box,
starting at the current insertion point, and continuing to the end of
the source file. In Multiple File searches, Replace All
replaces all occurrences for all files in the search list.
Replace All CANNOT BE UNDONE!!!
The Find dialog box controls the search criteria and search
behavior. The Find button closes the dialog box and begins the
first search at the current window's insertion point. The Don't
Find button closes the dialog and keeps the dialog options, but
does not start a search. Cancel closes the search dialog and
restores the options to the settings held when the dialog opened.
Save Options closes the dialog, makes the current find options
into Crossbow's default startup options, then begins the search.
The Find: and Change To: boxes hold the text for search
and replace, respectively. Hold down the command key to enter the
return or tab characters as search or replace literals. Both text
boxes support full cut and paste, but only by using command key
equivalents.
Choose Goto Line from the Search menu to position the
insertion point at a line number you specify in the Goto Line
dialog. The Goto Line dialog initially contains the line
number of the last line displayed in the current edit window.
The Whole Words check box, when checked, forces Crossbow to
match only character strings which are whole words. In Crossbow,
words are made up only of upper and lower case characters, digits,
and the underscore character, everything else is considered a word
separator.
The Wrap Around check box, when checked, causes Crossbow to
start looking from the beginning of a file after reaching the end.
The Ignore Case check box tells Crossbow to treat upper and
lower case characters as the same. The Grep check box lets
Crossbow use an advanced wild card search and replace technique
described below.
The Multiple File: check box instructs Crossbow to search
and replace in more than one file. After checking Multiple
File:, Crossbow enables the Open Windows and Include
List radio buttons, defaulting to Open Windows searching,
which limits the multi-file search to all of Crossbow's open edit
windows.
Selecting the Include List radio button causes Crossbow to
present a list of text files which have the extension ".Inc". Include
lists are created automatically by the assembler when the Create
Include List option is selected from the Assembly Options
dialog in the Assemble menu. Include lists are text files in
which each line contains a full pathname specification of the file to
be read(no more than 64 characters). Each pathname must be preceded
with a bullet character ('·', option-8 from the keyboard), and
the include file must be named with ".Inc" as the last four
characters.
The Field Search: check box enables field limited searching with any combination of search fields. Field searching limits matches to only those fields checked in the find dialog.
Labels Opcodes Operands Comments
reset ldaa #B'11100000 ; disable rupts
staa RP5CR ; no mr & no halt
lds #STACK ; initialize system stack
ldx #STIRAM ; clears DATA section
_clrdat clr 0,x ; clear one byte
inx ; point to next byte
cpx #ENIRAM ; compare end of DATA
bls _clrdat ; loop if
Crossbow allows you to perform complex search and replace
functions using the Grep option in the Find dialog box.
The name Grep comes from a Unix string searching program which
uses a similar pattern matching technique. When searching with the
Grep option checked, Crossbow treats the string in the
Find: box as a template which defines the search criteria. The
find template, called a pattern, uses a combination of literal
characters and several special characters to define a generally
broader set of strings to apply to the search.
In the simplest form, Grep searching works just like an
ordinary search: the pattern in the Find: box contains a
string of one or more characters, which must exactly match the same
characters in the same order in the text. Like ordinary searches, but
with a few exceptions described below, Grep searches are
influenced by other options selected in the Find dialog.
Unlike an ordinary search, patterns in a Grep search may
contain special characters expanding the range of strings which can
be matched by the find pattern. Complex search patterns can be made
up of sub-patterns, and sub-patterns can be 'remembered' for further
use in the search pattern, or as replacement text in the Change
To: box. Also, unlike an ordinary search, patterns defined in a
Grep search are restricted to matching strings contained on a
single line, although strings in the Change To: box can cause
the replacement text to span several lines.
The following characters all have special meaning inside a Grep pattern, although the meaning may be modified by the context of the pattern. In the descriptions that follow, we will use '©' to designate any character, '§' to designate any string, and '¶' to designate any pattern. The special character summary will be followed by more detailed explanations of each usage.
Character: Matches:
© itself, except as shown below
. any character except end of line
[§] any character in string §
[^§] any character NOT in string §
[©-©] any character between © and © inclusive
\<¶\> whatever ¶ matches if ¶ is whole word
\(¶\) whatever ¶ matches and defines sub-pattern
\1..\9 one of the sub-patterns defined above
\© ©, except as shown above (\.='.',\\='\')
¶* zero or more occurrences of the pattern ¶
^¶ ¶ only at beginning of line
¶$ ¶ only at end of line
© "Itself"
With the exception of the special characters shown above, every
character defines a pattern matching itself. With the Ignore
Case option checked, alphabetic characters match corresponding
characters in either upper or lower case.
\© "Itself"
With the exception of "()<>123456789", any character prefaced
with a backslash defines a pattern matching itself. The backslash
provide a convenient method to include special Grep characters
as literals in the search pattern. For example, "\?" matches "?",
"\." matches ".", "\\" matches "\", and "\Z" matches "Z".
. Period
The special character '.' matches any character
except the carriage-return character at the end of a line.
abc
def
ghi
In the three line example containing abc, def,
ghi, choosing Grep with just a period in the Find: box
will first match a, then b, c, d,
e, f, g, h, and i with each
repetition of the Find Again command. Changing the find
pattern to two consecutive periods '..' matches first ab, then
de, and finally gh. The c on the first line
doesn't match because the next search starts immediately following
the last match (ab) and the end of line character between the
c and the d prevent a match. Finding for "d..", "de.",
"d.f", ".ef", "..f", or ".e." will match def.
[ ] Brackets
A string of characters enclosed in square brackets defines a pattern
matching any character from the string. For example, the search
string "[-0123456789]" will match any decimal digit or the minus
sign, while the search string "[0123456789ABCDEFabcdef]" will match
any hexadecimal digit. Grep provides a convenient shorthand
for specifying a range of contiguous characters by using the minus
sign between two characters, allowing the search strings in the
previous example to be replaced with "[-0-9]" and "[0-9A-Fa-f]". The
leading minus sign in the first search string is not considered a
special character because it is not between two characters. Trailing
minus signs are treated similarly.
A string of characters enclosed in square brackets and prefaced with
a circumflex (^) defines a pattern matching any character not
contained in the string. For example, the search string "[^_]" will
find any character except the underscore, the search string
"[^A-Za-z]" will find any non-alphabetic character.
\< \> Whole Words
Patterns and sub-patterns bracketed with "\<" and "\>" only
match strings which are whole words. Whole words must begin and end
with an underscore, letter, or digit, and must be separated from
other characters with anything but an underscore, letter, or digit.
For example, the pattern "be" would match
"Better to be or not to be.",
while the pattern "\<be\>" would only match
"Better to be or not to be."
Leaving the "Partial Words" option unchecked is the same as
bracketing the entire Find: pattern between "\<" and
"\>".
* Repeat
A pattern followed by "*" matches zero or more consecutive
occurrences of the pattern. For example, "m*" in a case-insensitive,
partial word search matches the bold m's in "Mom's
mumms are mmmmm good" and it also matches all of
the empty strings between characters. Matching an empty string means
the find ends with the insertion point positioned in front of the
next character, with no selection range highlighted. Performing the
same search with whole word search finds only the word
"mmmmm".
The search string ".*" matches entire lines from the current
insertion point to the end of the line, but not including the end of
line character. The search string "(.*)" matches only strings
enclosed in parenthesis.
\( \) Define Sub-Pattern
These special characters delimit a portion of the search string for
later use either at a position further on in the search string, or in
the replacement text in the Change To: box. The mechanism for
referencing sub-patterns is described next.
\1..\9 Reference Sub-Pattern
Each sub-pattern defined with '\(' and '\)' is associated with a
number between one and nine in the order encountered in the search
string, and may be referenced by prefacing the number with a
backslash. For example, the search string "a\(bcd\)ef\(gh\)ijk" looks
for "abcdefghijk", and at the same time defines two sub-patterns
"bcd" and "gh" which may be referenced by "\1" and "\2"
respectively.
^ Beginning of Line
A search pattern prefaced by '^ ' will only match strings that occur
at the beginning of a line. For example, the search string "^ \<[^
:]*\>:" will only find labels which start at the beginning of a
line and which end with a colon.
$ End of Line
A search pattern suffixed with '$' will only match strings that occur
at the end of a line. For example, the search string
"[ ][ ]*$" contains both a space character and
a tab character (use command-tab to enter the tab character) between
each set of brackets, and will find any extra white space at the end
of a line.
To help reduce the confusion caused by up to eight open windows, Crossbow offers a menu specifically for organizing multiple windows.
The first two Windows menu commands operate on all the open
edit windows. Close All Edit Windows closes all open edit
windows, prompting for save confirmation if any changes have been
made since the last save. Save All Edit Windows saves changes
made to all of the open edit windows.
The next five items handle the placement of the windows on the
screen.
Stack sizes the terminal and edit windows to full screen
height minus the space needed to show each window's title bar, sizes
all the windows to display 80 columns across, places the terminal
window on the bottom, and then arranges the windows from front to
back in the order in which they were opened
Side by Side lines up the two front-most windows side by side to
fill the display screen with the front window ending up on the left.
All other windows remain unaffected.
Top & Bottom lines up the two front-most windows one above
the other to fill the display screen with the front window at the
top. All other windows remain unaffected.
Three Across works just like Side by Side but uses the
three front-most windows.
Development sets up Crossbow for typical development with an
edit window at the top, terminal window below, and the MultiFinder
Desktop drive icons visible on the right of the screen.
Development automatically opens a terminal window if necessary
and requests a file to open if there are no open edit windows.
Responding with Cancel to the file prompt sets up
Development with a new untitled window.
The last items in the Windows menu begin with Locate
Terminal Window and continue with a list of the open edit
windows. Selecting Locate Terminal Window brings the terminal
window to the front, or opens one if necessary. Selecting one of the
other Locate items brings the corresponding edit window to the
front.
Previous Next Contents